Questions about example sentences with, and the definition and usage of "School"

The meaning of "School" in various phrases and sentences

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Q: School absenteeism in Japan is surging after the pandemic. Chronically absent students not only meet academic standards due to missing school but also find it difficult to read. The potential solutions to this absenteeism crisis have been discussed for a long time. However, no best solution has been found. I list three unique systems that affect absenteeism in Japan here.
First of all, there is no well-established home school system in Japan. As there have been no successful home-schooling cases in the past, parents are not familiar with alternative schools and supporting organizations in nearby communities. Adult expectations towards going to school for children get heavier as they are not aware of some potential solutions, such as online schools, home schools, etc.
Second, the school counseling system in Japan is not strongly structured. Although school counselors are mostly part-time, all schools are expected to place school counselors. Due to limited availability, students and parents cannot easily ask and stop by the school counselor's office as they need to schedule a visit. As school counselors are not really accessible to people who need mental support, troubled children will have less chance to talk to someone in a safe space.
Finally, the mindset needs to be changed. In Japan, people are more socially conservative; for instance, they are not welcome to change their minds and actions easily. Because of this, people typically are hesitant to change something drastically, like changing schools.
Did you see absenteeism in your area when you grew up? What do you think are the factors that affect absenteeism in your school?
A: This is a really interesting topic! School absenteeism was something that surprised me when I moved to Japan. I couldn't recall a single case of school absenteeism from my own school days in the US. I worked at a rural junior high school in Japan with only 70 students, yet we had 5 chronically absent students.

I asked my friend who worked as a school counselor in the US about school absenteeism and she said that in her experience, a school of 3,000 students would have around 1 chronically absent student. She said that US schools have a big focus on early identification. Children considered to be at risk of absenteeism are referred to the school counselor. The idea is that with early intervention, problems can be fixed before they grow larger. If a student has mental health problems so great that they can't go to school, they are recommended to an in-patient therapy program.

I discussed this idea of early intervention and referrals to the school counselor with my coworkers in Japan, but they said that teachers in Japan don't have the power to refer a student showing mental health warning signs to the school counselor. I think they said they can make a referral if the student develops problems with absenteeism, but not before.

I used to think that school absenteeism was only a problem in Japan, but I learned recently that it's also become a big issue in the UK as well. From what I've read, the main problem is that there are long wait times for the National Health Service (NHS) so children with mental health (and sometimes physical health) issues aren't able to access care, and without care problems just get worse.

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