Questions about example sentences with, and the definition and usage of "Dog"

Synonyms of "Dog" and their differences

Translations of "Dog"

Other questions about "Dog"

Q: "Now we know why a dog's nose is cold. Scientists (have/had) been trying to solve this mystery for many years."

Which one is correct in this context:

1) Scientists have been trying to solve this mystery for many years.

or

2) Scientists had been trying to solve this mystery for many years.

I think the second sentence is correct, because NOW we know the answer to this question (the action isn't ongoing anymore). However, my textbook says that the first sentence is correct. Is it a mistake?

thanks in advance.
A: It is not a mistake.

You have the right idea, that the first sentence sets the context for the second sentence. The context is that we are talking about the situation now. "Now we know..." The statement is about what the scientists did until "now". "Now" is the present time and is the context for the second sentence. So the scientists now have been trying to solve the mystery for many years.

Note that this question is only about the structure of language. We do not know that the scientists ever solved the problem. Maybe a talking dog came in a spaceship and told us the answer, but nobody told the scientists and they are still working. Probably not, but we don't know and it doesn't matter.

However the following is also correct:
"Then we knew why a dog's nose is cold. Scientists had been trying to solve this mystery for many years."
The context is that we are talking about the situation "then". "Then we knew..." The statement is about what the scientists did until "then". "Then" is in the past, and is the context for the next sentence. So the scientists then had been trying to solve the mystery for many years.

Here is an even more tricky example. Be sure you understand the examples above before reading this:
"Then they made the crucial discovery. Now we knew why a dog's nose is cold. Scientists had been trying to solve this mystery for many years."
The "now" of the second sentence means not now, but the time in the past at which they made the crucial discovery. The clue is the verb "knew", which shows that we are talking about the past.
The context is that we are talking about the situation "now". "Now we knew..." The statement is about what the scientists did until "now". "Now" is in the past, and is the context for the next sentence. So the scientists now had been trying to solve the mystery for many years.

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