Questions about example sentences with, and the definition and usage of "Osaka"

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A: ちょっと訂正した：How much would it cost from Osaka to Kyoto*

「大阪から京都までいくらかかるのでしょう」

「would」は「でしょう」や「だろう」と近い意味です

A: Can you provide context?

A: Come for one day.

A: If you transcribed that right, it makes no sense.

A: I don’t understand “by your own hands”. This phrase does not follow what comes before. Please rephrase.

A: No real difference, except it is much more natural to say ‘How long does it take to get to Osaka from here?’

A: Osaka is the name of a city in Japan は一番自然です。

Osaka is the name of the city in Japan
大阪は日本にある唯一の都市というニュアンスがあります。

Osaka is a name of the city in Japan と言ったら、その都市は他の名前あるというニュアンスがあります。

A: “I’m living” it feels temporary. Maybe you’ll be staying in Osaka for a month, half a year, or whatever short term of time. “I live” has a more permanent feel; you have roots in Osaka and won’t move any time soon.

A: "I will have lived" implies a future tense. It means that you will have lived in Osaka for 10 years, once 2020 begins and 2030 ends.

It's a little awkward to use this terminology and list the decades instead of the length of time. I recommend that you say:

"By 2030, I will have lived in Osaka for 10 years."

"I am going to" is similar, but implies an additional time delay. It means that living in Osaka hasn't happened yet, but you will start to live there in 2020.

You could say:

"I am going to have lived in Osaka for 10 years by 2030."

I hope my explanation wasn't too confusing for you. It's a little difficult to explain, but it helps to think of these words in other contexts, too.

For example:

"I will have eaten dinner by 8 p.m." ----> You haven't eaten dinner yet, but you will be before 8:00 p.m. comes.

"I am going to eat at 8:00 p.m." ----> You have made a plan to eat at 8:00 p.m, although it hasn't happened yet.

A: “For” sounds a little unnatural for a native American English speaker. Most people would use “to”.

A: Everything seems fine.

A: The people in Osaka have the power to turn sad and painful things into laughter.

A: you say it good! it sounds natural!

A: Why did you decide to live in Osaka?

A: Osaka comes second after Tokyo in terms of the number of companies located there.

Is this what you meant?

A: Yes that works too

A: I just got back from Osaka. I visited the Tower of the Sun, Osaka Castle, and Tsutenkaku Tower. I also had fun at Universal Studios Japan, the theme park. The roller coasters were very exciting.

A: "Osaka is relatively warm, so it's rare to have snow on the ground here."
You specified Osaka as the place you're talking about already, so you only need to mention it's name once in this sentence

A: "I'm afraid but..."という文型を見たことがないと思いますが、必ず"I'm afraid... / I'm afraid that.."という文型を見たことがあります。

[I'm afraid that / I'm afraid] the Osaka office is closed, so please call to the Tokyo office instead. I will tell you the phone number now. の方が自然だと思います。